Copper is one of the most abundant transition metals in the Earth's crust. It occurs naturally in various minerals and ores, including chalcopyrite, bornite, malachite, and cuprite. Copper has been used by humans for thousands of years. It was one of the first metals to be discovered and utilized, dating back to ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians and the Romans. The Bronze Age, which followed the Stone Age, was named after the widespread use of copper alloys like bronze.

Copper is known for its antimicrobial properties. It has been used for centuries to reduce the risk of infection in water supplies and medical equipment. Copper surfaces can kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Additionally, copper is an essential nutrient for the human body and plays a role in various physiological processes. Copper is primarily extracted from copper-rich ores through mining. The leading copper-producing countries include Chile, Peru, China, the United States, and Australia. The mining and processing of copper can have environmental impacts, including habitat destruction and water pollution, which are important considerations for sustainable production.

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The electricity industry is one of the largest consumers of copper because it is the best cheap metal for electricity transmission, and also has a special standard compared to other transmitters. In addition, the exceptional strength of copper metal, its flexibility, and its resistance to wear and corrosion make it the preferred and safest conductor for wire construction. Copper is also used in power cables, insulated or uninsulated, for low, medium, or high voltage applications. This metal is a major component of efficient motors and converters.

Copper and brass are materials used in plumbing, faucets, valves, and household appliances. Unlike plastic pipes, this metal does not burn, melt or release toxic or harmful gases in the event of a fire. Copper pipes also protect water supply systems against deadly bacteria such as Legionella. The use of copper handles and plates ensures the use of the biological properties of copper and prevents the transmission of disease and germs.

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Consuming or inhaling large amounts of copper can result in copper toxicity, also known as copper poisoning. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, and in severe cases, liver and kidney damage. However, acute copper toxicity is relatively rare and is more likely to occur due to occupational exposure or accidental ingestion of copper salts or compounds. Wilson's disease is a rare genetic disorder that affects copper metabolism in the body. It causes copper to accumulate in various organs, particularly the liver and brain, leading to liver disease, neurological symptoms, and other complications. Treatment for Wilson's disease involves reducing copper intake and using medications that help eliminate excess copper from the body.

The antimicrobial properties of copper make it a popular metal in medicine. Several hospitals ‎have tested by covering covered surfaces such as bed rails and buttons with metal alloys to ‎slow hospital-acquired infections. "Th e metal kills microbes by interfering with the electrical ‎charge of cell membranes," said Cassandra Salgado, a professor of infectious diseases and ‎epidemiologist at the University of South Carolina Medical University.‎ Bone infections, which are usually caused by fractures, deep wounds, severe tooth decay, and ‎the like, can lead to amputations and even death in serious cases, according to Sputnik. This ‎type of infection is very difficult to treat. Researchers in Ireland have developed an implant that ‎is surgically inserted at the site of a bone infection that simultaneously improves blood flow ‎and bone growth and kills bacteria.‎

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Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin, but other elements such as aluminum, phosphorus, or silicon can also be added. It is known for its strength, durability, and resistance to corrosion. Bronze has been used for casting sculptures, making musical instruments, and producing bearings, gears, and coins. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc, but other elements like lead, tin, or aluminum may be added for specific purposes. It is valued for its attractive golden appearance, malleability, and acoustic properties. Brass is used in musical instruments, plumbing fittings, decorative items, and electrical connectors.

Copper-beryllium alloys, also called beryllium copper, contain copper with a small percentage of beryllium. These alloys possess high strength, hardness, and electrical conductivity. They are used in electrical connectors, springs, switches, and other applications requiring excellent mechanical and electrical properties.

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Copper recycling helps conserve natural resources. By recycling copper, the need for new copper mining and extraction is reduced. This helps preserve valuable reserves of copper ore and minimizes the environmental impact associated with mining activities. The recycling process for copper requires significantly less energy compared to the production of copper from primary sources. Recycling copper can save up to 85-90% of the energy that would be required for primary production. This energy savings helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and lowers the carbon footprint associated with copper production.

Wet ammonia solution, halogens, sulfides, solutions containing ammonia ions, and oxide acids, such as nitric acid, will attack copper. The corrosion resistance of copper alloys is due to the formation of adhesive films on the surface of the material. These films are relatively impermeable to corrosion, thus protecting the base metal from further attack. Cu-Ni alloys, aluminum brass, and aluminum show excellent corrosion resistance in saltwater.

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The Middle East and West Asia region, which includes countries such as Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates, has a significant demand for copper. This demand is driven by factors such as urbanization, construction activities, electrical infrastructure development, industrial growth, and the manufacturing sector. The region has been witnessing significant infrastructure development, including the construction of residential buildings, commercial complexes, transportation networks, and power generation facilities. These projects require large quantities of copper for electrical wiring, plumbing systems, and other applications, leading to increased demand.

In general, the main advantage of copper wire is its strength and flexibility. Ease of flexibility, ‎wiring, and installation. The conductivity in copper is so high that you need small conductors ‎and because of its physical strength, you will be sure that you have strong and safe connections. ‎Also, the high flexibility of copper ensures that there is no risk of fracture on copper. The only ‎drawback is that copper is expensive.‎

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Smelting and casting is the most common method used to produce copper ingots. Copper ore is extracted from mines and processed to remove impurities, resulting in concentrated copper ore. The concentrated copper ore is then smelted in a furnace, where it is heated to high temperatures along with fluxes and reducing agents. This process converts the copper ore into molten copper, separating it from impurities. The molten copper is poured into molds to solidify and form ingots. The molds can be made of various materials, such as graphite or steel, depending on the desired shape and size of the ingots.

In copper ingots that are created by filling from above, when the melt inside the mold cools, a change in volume at the top of the melt causes shrinkage. Which is separated from copper ingots by machining. Another disadvantage of steel ingots is the cracks that form along the length and surface. Copper is a metallic element with high ductility and thermal and electrical conductivity properties. Pure copper is soft and malleable. Part of it in the open air is reddish-orange.

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